PHARMAKNOWLEDGE

Nowadays, a lot of medicines are available in the market for treating various medical conditions and they are being used by the people on a wide scale. Anyone ever wondered, how much efforts, trials, money and time it takes to discover, develop, manufacture and sale that medicine. Well, it would all be discussed here. Before any medicine reaches market, it has to pass through various critical testing stages. This stages are designed to check whether the medicine is safe, effective for intended purpose and to find out suitable dose and dosage form for the medicine. The milestones in the journey of medicine could be named as follows: Discovery and Development Pre-clinical Research Clinical Research FDA Drug Review Marketing & Post-Marketing Surveillance It may take about 10-15 years to complete this journey and then, finally, the medicine reaches the market for the use in patients. Lets have a brief look at the journey: 1. Discovery and Development This initial step involves a lot o...

The concept of Vaccination has been the most favourite topic of discussion among the people these days because of COVID pandemic. Vaccines are made up of killed or live attenuated micro-organisms or the protiens found on the surface of those Organisms. Vaccination is the process of giving vaccine to any person, in order to develop immunity against some specific disease. Vaccination is the excellent alternative to medicines for preventing the disease. Travel Vaccination is the concept related to the travelers, especially those who are going to visit an area with endemic disease. The main aim of the travel vaccination is to limit the spread of disease from the endemic areas to the other regions of the World and also to safeguard the traveler's health. Thus, a person traveling to or traveling from a region with endemic disease need to take vaccination in order to protect himself/ herself and others. Before traveling to any suspected region or country, a person must consult healthcare ...

It is the diet that promotes human health and prevents diseases by providing appropriate nutrients from the food, which a person eats. A healthy and balanced diet protects against the risk of malnutrition and also helps in reducing the risk of developing non-communicable diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and others, in the later stage of life. A healthy diet should include the ingredients like carbohydrates, protein, fat, salt, and many more things in the required quantity. An excess amount of any of these ingredients could result in some serious conditions over the long run while the lesser amount could lead to the development of deficiency symptoms, most commonly malnutrition. Here, we will have a look at the normal daily allowances and sources of the above-listed ingredients. Moreover, we will also look at the diseases and symptoms arising due to the consumption of excess or lesser amount of such ingredients. Let's start with some of the common items which are necessary to b...